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How To: Mac Terminal Lookup DNS Records of a Domain Name You can use Terminal in Mac to lookup any and all associated host records for any domain name on the Internet. This is useful if you want to know certain information about a website or domain including geolocation of website hosted, check for email mx records, and validating a domain. The DNS system that hosts Active Directory must be complete, correct, and consistent. To identify which Active Directory servers provide the required services, use the following Terminal commands to query DNS records. Replace example.com with the domain name for your Active Directory.

Packet loss causes network disruption, lags, and losses in connectivity, ultimately impacting business performance. In this article, I’ll discuss packet loss testing, concluding with a list of my favorite packet loss test tools.

Table of Contents

What Are Packets?

Before answering the question “What is packet loss?” you first have to understand what packets are.

Network traffic is often thought of as something that flows, like a stream or a river; however, the information being transferred across a network does not form a single, coherent river of data. Rather, information is transmitted in what we refer to as “packets.” These packets, as their name suggests, are small, discrete units of data. Alone, these units don’t necessarily make much sense. They’re just portions of the overall message being transmitted, which have been packaged into multiple layers. But when combined, these packets achieve meaning.

Packets have to move through a range of hubs to reach their destination, including fiber optics, wireless routers, and copper cables. Once delivered successfully, packets are given a time stamp.

What Is Packet Loss?

So, what is packet loss?

When a packet is considered lost, it means it has gotten delayed or been misplaced within the hubs it has to travel through. When delayed, a packet will eventually time out, in which case a new packet is sent to replace it. If a packet weren’t sent to replace it, the recipient of the data would only receive part of the message, and likely in an incoherent form. This process is referred to as retransmission timeout, otherwise known as RTO. While the packets will arrive eventually, the process of retransmission results in late arrival and poor performance.

Packets can also arrive damaged, incomplete, or flawed, making them essentially useless. Again, the solution here is to replace the packet by sending a new one.

What Causes Packet Loss?

There’s no simple answer to the question of what causes packet loss. With a range of contributing factors, you will have to conduct diagnostics on your network to discern what exactly needs fixing. Packet loss can be caused by any of the following, or even a combination:

Faulty Cables

Layer 1, the physical network layer, refers in part to the actual cables and wires the packets travel through. If your ethernet cables are faulty, damaged, lagging with network traffic, or poorly wired, then they could potentially be leaking packets. This basically means packets get lost or disrupted along the way.

Insufficient Bandwidth or Congestion

This is one of the main causes of network packet loss. If your network bandwidth can’t cope with the amount of traffic, or there’s an unusual amount of congestion, then packets are more likely to get lost.

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Software Issues

Buggy software can cause network packet loss. If you find a software bug you think might be causing network packet loss, be sure to report it to the vendor. This is tricky to fix on your end, but the vendor may provide you with a firmware patch.

Hardware Insufficiency

If your hardware is responsible for routing packets in any capacity, then it could be the source of the network packet loss. Switches, routers, firewalls, and other hardware devices are especially vulnerable to causing packet loss. To prevent this from happening, you need to ensure your hardware has the capacity to cope with the network traffic.

How to Check Packet Loss

How to check packet loss depends on the application or protocol in question. Because every application and protocol handles packet loss differently, the effects are likely to vary. Transmission control protocol (TCP), for example, generally handles packet loss quite well—packet delivery is acknowledged, and any lost packets are retransmitted. User datagram protocol (UDP), on the other hand, does not feature built-in retransmission, so it doesn’t handle network packet loss as efficiently.

Packet loss may be best understood in terms of its effects on VoIP, or voice-over internet protocol. Think WhatsApp, Facebook Voice Chat, Skype calls, and Google Voice—essentially, any voice calls conducted over a network connection. When packet loss occurs within this kind of application, it manifests as “breaking up:” the voice quality is poor, and you may miss certain words or even entire sentences. This data gets lost along the way and is hard to recover. Sometimes, the application will lag, delivering speech late and confusing the conversation entirely. This could be a result of network packet loss, but could also come down to bandwidth problems, jitter, and delay. The same applies to video calls, like FaceTime, Skype video chat, and Facebook Video Chat.

Network packet loss can be the difference between a successful online gaming experience and utter failure. It can mean your video and voice quality during a Skype call is so poor the whole attempt to connect seems pointless. It can make streaming a Netflix program feel impossible. And all of this can potentially be caused by just 5% packet loss—the equivalent of a few microseconds of delay.

In general, one of the most obvious ways to “check” for packet loss is to listen to feedback from your end users. If there are complaints regarding poor network performance, then users may be experiencing the consequences of packet loss.

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How to Test Packet Loss

Now that we’ve looked at what packet loss is, what causes packet loss, and symptoms to check for, we come to the golden question: how to test packet loss. The process I’ll outline is for Windows, though it shouldn’t be too dissimilar from the process required for testing packet loss with oth

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